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1 Καῖσαρ
Καῖσαρ, αρος, ὁ (=Lat. Caesar; on the distribution of this word, freq. found in lit., ins, pap s. Hahn [sources and lit. 123, 3] and Magie.—Philo, Joseph., Ar. [ins], Just., SibOr, loanw. in rabb.—In our lit. w. the art. only Mt 22:21 v.l.; Lk 20:25 v.l.; J 19:12 [s. B-D-F §254, 1]; Just., A I, 17, 1) emperor, Caesar (orig. a proper name, then used as a title) Mt 22:17, 21a; Mk 12:14, 16; Lk 20:22, 24; 23:2 (s. φόρος); J 19:12b (cp. Philo, In Flacc. 40), 15; Ac 17:7; 25:8, 10–12, 21; 26:32; 27:24; 28:19; κύριος Κ. MPol 8:2. ὀμνύναι τὴν Καίσαρος τύχην (s. τύχη) 9:2; 10:1. τὰ Καίσαρος what belongs to the emperor Mt 22:21b; Mk 12:17; Lk 20:25 (HWindisch, Imperium u. Evangelium im NT ’31; KPieper ThGl 25, ’33, 661–69; EStauffer, Gott u. Kaiser im NT ’35; GKittel, Christus u. Imperator ’39; JBenum, Gud och Kejsaren ’40; HLoewe, ‘Render Unto Caesar’ ’40; NHommes, God en Kejzer in het NT ’41; OEck, Urgem. u. Imperium ’41; MDibelius, Rom u. die Christen im 1. Jahrh. ’42; JDerrett, Law in the NT, ’70). φίλος τ. Καίσαρος friend of the emperor (as official title CIG 3499, 4; 3500, 4; Epict. 3, 4, 2; 4, 1, 8; 45–48; 95; 4, 4, 5; Jos., Ant. 14, 131) J 19:12a (EBamel, TLZ 77, ’52, 205–10); AcPl Ha 11, 4. οἱ ἐκ τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας those (slaves) who belong to the emperor’s household Phil 4:22 (s. Lghtf., Phil 171ff; Dssm., LO 127, 1; 202, 3; 380 [LAE 382]; New Docs 3, 7–9; and s. οἰκία 3).—W. proper names Τιβέριος Κ. Emperor Tiberius Lk 3:1 (Just., A I, 13, 3). ἐπὶ Κλαυδίου Κ. Ac 11:28 v.l. (cp. Just., A I, 26, 2; 56, 2). Κ. Νέρων 2 Ti subscr.; without name AcPl Ha 9, 4; 14; 26. But Καῖσαρ Αὔγουστος Caesar Augustus Lk 2:1, since here Κ. is not a title, but a part of the name (Bl-D. §5, 3a).—Pauly-W. Suppl. IV 806–53; IX 1139–54; Kl. Pauly II 1110–122; IV 1135–40. B. 1324. M-M. TW. -
2 Τιβεριάς
Τιβεριάς, άδος, ἡ (Josephus index) Tiberias, a city on the west shore of the Lake of Gennesaret, founded by Herod Antipas as the capital of his domain and named in honor of the Emperor Tiberius; J 6:23. The Lake of Gennesaret (s. EbNestle, Der Name des Sees Tiberias: ZDPV 35, 1912, 48–50; JDuncan, The Sea of Tiberias and Its Environs: PEF 58, 1926, 15–22; 65–74; RMiddleton, Tiberias: ibid. 162f) is also called θάλασσα τῆς Τιβεριάδος (cp. the more precise λίμνη: Paus. 5, 7, 4 λίμνην Τιβεριάδα ὀνομαζομένην; Jos., Bell. 3, 57 Τιβεριὰς λίμνη; 4, 456 Τιβεριέων λίμνη; SibOr 12, 104 Τιβεριάδος ἅλμη) J 21:1, more fully θάλασσα τῆς Γαλιλαίας τῆς Τιβεριάδος 6:1.—Baedeker, Palästina u. Syrien7 1910, 234f; Schürer II 178–82; Dalman, Orte3 1924; MAvi-Yonah, The Foundation of Tiberias: Israel Exploration Journ. 1, ’50f, 160–69; PECS 920f.—Pauly-W. VI 770–81; Kl. Pauly V 812; BHHW III, 1982f. -
3 Τιβέριος
Τιβέριος, ου, ὁ Tiberius (the name is found Diod S 15, 51, 1: Τιβέριος, Ἰούλιος a Rom. military tribune IV B.C.), a Roman emperor (if dated from the death of Augustus, he ruled fr. Aug. 19, 14 A.D. to March 16, 37; mentioned in Philo and Joseph.; also Just., A I, 13, 3; cp. SibOr 5, 20–23; s. Schürer index); Lk 3:1 places the first appearance of John the Baptist as a prophet in the fifteenth year of Tiberius’ reign. On the chronological matters involved s. Meyer I 46f; III 205f; CCichorius, ZNW 22, 1923, 16ff; HDieckmann, Die effektive Mitregentschaft des T.: Klio 15, 1919, 339–75, Das fünfzehnte Jahr des T.: BZ 16, 1924, 54–65, Das fünfzehnte Jahr des Cäsar T.: Biblica 6, 1925, 63–67; s. s.v. Αὔγουστος. HDessau, Gesch. der röm. Kaiserzeit II 1, 1926; GBaker, Tib. Caesar 1929; ECiaceri, Tiberio ’34; CSmith, Tib. and the Rom. Empire ’42; WGolub, Tib. ’59; EKornemann, Tib. ’60; RSeager, Tib. ’72; Pauly-W. X 478–536; Kl. Pauly V 814–18; BHHW III 1983f.—On the chronology of the Life of Jesus gener.: OGerhardt, Grundzüge der Chronologie Jesu Christi ’34; RHennig, D. Geburts-u. Todesjahr Jesu Christi ’36; RJewett, A Chronology of Paul’s Life ’79; RBrown, The Birth of the Messiah ’77, 547–56, The Death of the Messiah ’94, 1350–78 (lit.); KDonfried, ABD I 1011–16 (lit. 1022).—M-M. -
4 Κλαύδιος
Κλαύδιος, ου, ὁ (freq. found) Claudius.① Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, Roman emperor (41–54 A.D.); his measures taken against Jews in Rome (Sueton., Claudius 25; Cass. Dio 60, 6; s. Schürer III 77f ; Zahn on Ac 18:2; ABludau, Der Katholik 83, 1903, 113ff; 193ff; Harnack, SBBerlAk 1912, 674ff; JJuster, Les Juifs dans l’empire romain 1914, II 171; 199; AWikenhauser, Die AG 1921, 323f), Ac 18:2. A famine during his reign (Schürer I 457, 8; VWeber, D. antiochen. Kollekte 1917, 38f; Wikenhauser, op. cit. 407ff; KGapp, The Universal Famine under Claudius: HTR 28, ’35, 258–65; Haenchen ad loc.) Ac 11:28.—HDessau, Gesch. d. röm. Kaiserzeit II 1, 1926; AMomigliano, Claudius2 ’61; Pauly-W. III 2778ff; Kl. Pauly I 1215–18.② Claudius Lysias, Rom. official in Jerusalem (χιλίαρχος τ. σπείρης Ac 21:31; s. Schürer I 378) at the time Paul was arrested Ac 23:26.③ Claudius Ephebus, Rom. Christian, sent to Corinth as representative of the Rom. church 1 Cl 65:1.④ Christian in Puteoli, who showed hospitality to Paul AcPl Ha 8, 1; 3; 7.
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